Personal Narrative- The Path Towards Grace, Love and Peace :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative- The Path Towards Grace, Love and PeaceWhen I was 16 I left my parents home. One month before I left, I wrote this in my journalWhat is the fluttering in my belly, rising up by dint of my chest? An apprehension a fear excitement? I am anticipating a change a falling down a caving in of something I expect to be solid. Im in a strange place, moving slowly forward with nonhing that can be measured an internal advancement, a shedding away of old selves. I am pared down.The story of my leaving still feels like something written in code a code no one could understand on the rational mind level. It was my reasons decision and no follow of explaining or writing has helped enlighten those who did not understand it. I and understood it myself. To those who did understand, I had to say very little. They knew within the first cardinal minutes of my telling. They were inevitably people who, at some point in their bears, tried to bury their own souls yearnings, who had decided to live a perfective tensely fine and reasonable spirit, until the day they could not. That day of soul excavation remains crystal clear in their minds. As do all the nudges and urgings from the universe that led them there. Once I left, I looked endorse and saw this path towards that day so clearly to me it made perfect sense. So much so that when friends asked me later, How could you leave such(prenominal) a life not having to work, good parents, nice house? I would answer, How could I not? And yet, I had never felt so humbled. With my leaving came the realization of how very little I had known my Self all those years. I did not leave gracefully.I did not expect my soul to be such an urgent and powerful force. Nor did I plan to leave when I did provided once I did, I felt supported and encouraged by something I could not name. The path ahead kept lighting up as if with neon. Go there. Do this. Fear accompanied me and frustration, guilt and dreaded prayers, but no longer did I feel that deep affliction I could not name, which Sarah Ban Breathnagh, in her book Simple Abundance, says is you scatty your authentic self.I feel lucky now that as a child I took on little of our cultures freight around success.

Protecting American Jobs

Protecting the Statesn Jobs For the past two decades Ameri bottomlands bring forth been getting rigid dour because their jobs atomic number 18 being exilered forth border. Advances in engineering and low- make up telecommunications now mean that a computer programmer, data origination specialist, or help-desk operator answering calls for a U. S. company can spend a penny as easily from India or the Philippines as from Iowaand save p bent companies near 30 share to 70 percent in bells (Otterman, 2004). This poses the principal should the disposal protect American jobs by imposing stiff penalties on companies that transfer jobs offshore by outsourcing or manu occurrenceuring.No, stiffer taxes are not passing to significantly effect the number of jobs that are being transferred off shore due to outsourcing. rather the United States presidency needs to lower the ordinary tax rate on multinational corporations and fix the loopholes that are before long being used to av oid paying these corporate taxes. For years American companies puzzle been scrutinized for outsourcing their jobs by off shore. Even though this has been going on for the past twenty or much years it is being brought to frail even more now since our coun audition is in a recession.There are many reasons companies choose to source off shore. One of the main reasons is cost savings, many developing countries are more affordable for American companies to absorb in because an employee that may cost $50 and hour in America might merely cost or so $5 an hour in a developing country. Companies are not just off shoring for cost benefits however likewise for the fact that many opposite countries deliver many educated and heightsly skilled workers who can perform jobs that are needed overseas. Business can similarly operate 24 hours a day 7 days a week by taking advantage of the offshore workers.When it is 6 p. m. in New York it is 6 a. m. in Singapore. Americans want that 24 hours a day 7 days a week customer service when they are having problems with things like their computer. Outsourcing offshore also makes it a lot easier for companies to sell goods and services in a globular securities industry when they are producing them there and can reach their customers more cursorily and effectively. Technological possibilities are another reason companies are choosing to offshore American jobs. Since many service jobs do not require face-to-face fundamental interaction they are able to erform these jobs from wherever is needed (Popwell, 2010). Many argue that the government should protect American jobs by imposing stiff penalties on companies that transfer jobs offshore by outsourcing or manufacturing. They claim off shoring has laid off thousands of American workers who will not be able to vex other work unless they learn new skills. They also claim that off shoring is a major contributor to the United States 9 percent unemployment rate (United States D epartment of Labor, 2011).But they are only livelihood their claims by the fact that they regain companies are only off shoring for cost incentives. Where as stated before there are many other reasons companies source offshore and many ways to make up for the job sackinges. Those who oppse the government defend American jobs with stiff penalties for off shoring recognise that yes, cost savings is a big incentive for a company to outsource off shore, but there are also many more reasons that comapanies should opperate on a global scale that out weigh the loss of jobs in America. Thea Lee, policy levelor for the AFL-CIO, swears much of the economic data supporting the link between overseas investment and domestic job appendage fails to distinguish between foreign investment used to serve market demand for U. S. goods and services and foreign investment used to buy cheaper take abroad (Wolverson, 2011). So when looking at the total number of American jobs that have been outsou rced off shore we also have to stop and think about how many of them were for market demand to better serve us and how many of them really were outsourced because it was cheaper.People also have to remember that companies have to try and find ways to make the both the consumer and the investors happy. Consumers want the best whole tone at the lowest price and the investors want to see a high profit, so to do that companies have to find the middle ground. Which means they have to find the best solution for everyone even if it means outsourcing jobs offshore because it more cost effective for the company. According to Jagdish N. Bhagwati, employing workers at lower cost allows U.S. companies to be more efficient and productive, permitting them to create the homogeneous amount of goods with fewer resources. In turn, this lowers the price of the goods in the United States, strengthening U. S. companies and freeing workers for other tasks. The savings allows U. S. companies to stay afl oat and expand in a highly warring global market (Otterman, 2004). Outsourcing is not always a bad, it is a permute, and change is what pushes both our economy and our nation forward.Another good point that has been made is, the middling global tax rate on multinational corporations is about 27 percent, compared to 39 percent in the United States (Wolverson, 2011). Given this information it would be that alternatively of penalizing our multinational corporations for increasing international trade, maybe the United States government should focus more on bring in multinational corporations from other countries. This would not only create more jobs in the untied states to reanimate for the ones that are being lost overseas but also crap more international trade. A 2008 OECD study found that foreign direct investment increases by 3. 7 percent for every one lot point decrease in the corporate tax rate, and that, as cross-border dandy flows increase, foreign direct investment is i ncreasingly swayed by countries tax rules (Wolverson, 2011). We should be focusing on how to get more multinational corporations into the United States instead of focusing on how to hold back our multinational corporations. Along with dark the average tax rate on multinational corporations the government should also fix the loopholes that exist.This way all multinational corporations will be taxed the same instead of some getting taxed the full 39 percent, while the others are using loopholes and hardly pay any taxes. Even in prexy Obamas 2011 State of the Union address he called congress to simplify the system by getting rid of corporate loopholes so they can level the playing field and aid in the countrys competiveness and growth potential. To further support this, in an article from NationalJournal. com many economists say that the corporate tax code is a mess and overdue for a clean-up.The code riddled with inefficiencies, creating perverse incentives for companies to invest o verseas and waste bullion on elaborate tax-reduction strategies. Business supporters say a overhaul could elapse the misguided incentives, lower tax rates, and attract more capital to the U. S. most liberal critics also support reform, saying the current system is so tangled that it doesnt even do a good job of nurture revenue (Fernholz, 2011). Corporate tax breaks cost the federal government about $1. 1 trillion annually (Wolverson, 2011).If the government decided to really determine through with this corporate tax reform it could really help didder the economy and help to create new jobs help not only the 9 percent national unemployment rate go down but could also help create jobs for the people who lost their jobs due to off shoring. Overall the government should not be focusing on protecting American jobs that are being transferred offshore by outsourcing or manufacturing. Instead they should be working to close loopholes to even out the amount of taxes companies are payin g.While also working to lower the average tax rate on multinational corporations to make outsourcing to the United States more desirable to multinational corporations in other countries. Word Count 1419 Works Cited Fernholz, T. (2011, January 24). NationalJournal. com. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Obama Team Wants Business Buy-In on Corporate Tax Reform. Otterman, S. (2004, February 20). TRADE Outsourcing Jobs. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Council on Foreign Relations http//www. cfr. org/pakistan/trade-outsourcing-jobs/p7749 Popwell, N. (2010, October 27).Offshore Outsourcing The contention Over Moving Jobs Overseas. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Ezine Articles http//ezinearticles. com/? Offshore-Outsourcing-The-Controversy-Over-Moving-Jobs-Overseas&038id=5253123 United States Department of Labor. (2011, February 4). Economic News Release. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from dressing table of Labor Statustics http//www. bls. gov/news. release/empsit. nr0. htm Wolverson , R. (2011, February 11). Outsourcing Jobs and Taxes. Retrieved February 16, 2011, from Council on Foreign Relations http//www. cfr. org/united-states/outsourcing-jobs-taxes/p21777

Marketing Is Everything

HER JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1991 trade Is Everyaffair by Regis McKenna he nineties will operate to the node. And that is great freshlys for the marter. Technology is trans variateing extract, and choice is transforming the grocery inventoryplace. As a result, we are witnessing the emergence of a unfermented trade paradigm not a do to a greater extent than trade that simply turns up the volume on the gross sales spiels of the past completely if a experience- and experience-based groceryplace place that repreast southeastnts tbe once-and-for- tot entirelyy death of the salesman. Marketings teddy is driven by tbe enormous power and ubiquitous spread of tecbnology.So permeant is engine room straightaway finish off tbat it is virtually meaning s well-off to read distinctions amongst applied science and nontecbnology teleph adept circuites and industries tbere arc only tecbnology companies. Tecbnology has moved into increases, the hold up forplace, and t he commercial messageizeplace with astonishing speed and thorougbness. s up to nowty years after tbey were invented, fractional borsepower motors are in some IS to 20 bo customb senile intersection points in tbe average American dental plate today. In less(prenominal) than 20 years, the micro operateor has achieved a similar penetration. TWenty years ago, there Regis McKenna is chairman of Regis McKenna Inc. a Palo Alto-headquartered trade consulting firm that advises some of Americas leading high-tech companies. He is in addition a general sectionalizationner of Kleiner Perkins Caufield &) Byers, a engine room venture-capital comp whatsoever. He is the author of Whos Afraid of Big Blue? (Addison-Wesley, 1989) and The Regis Touch (Addison-Wesley, 1985. DRAWING BY TIMOTHY BLECK T 65 MARKETING IS EVERYTHING were few than 50,000 reck superstarrs in social function,- today more than . 50,000 computers are purchased both day. The defining characteristic of this rude(a) -fangled expert push is programmahility.In a computer chip, programmability mode the readiness to warp a command, so that whizz chip can perform a manikin of prescribed functions and produce a variety of prescribed out throw ins. On the milling machinery floor, programmability transforms the proceedsion exploit, enabling whizz machine to produce a liberal variety of models and products. More broadly, programmability is the virgin bodily capability to produce more and more varieties and choices for nodes still to widen each individual node the expectation to protrude and implement the program that will yield the precise product, process, or variety that is right for him or her.The technological promise of programmahility has exploded into the macrocosm of al roughly unlimited choice. precede the world of drugstores and supermarkets. match to Gormans New merchandise News, which tracks naked as a jaybird product introductions in these twain eonsumer-product s arenas, amongst 1985 and 1989 the chassis of tender products grew by an astonishing 60% to an all-time annual high of 12,055. As venerable a snitch as course illustrates this multiplication of brand variety. In 1946, Procter & Gamble introduced the laundry detergent, the first ever. For 38 years, one version of billow administerd the entire market.Then, in the mid-1980s, Procter & Gamble began to gravel out a succession of sore Tides Unscented Tide and Liquid Tide in 1984, Tide with Bleach in 1988, and the concentrated Ultra Tide in 1990. To some marketers, the creation of almost unlimited node choice represents a threat particularly when choice is accompanied by new competitors. TVenty years ago, IBM had only 20 competitors,- today it stages more than 5,000, when you count any fellowship that is in the computer business. Twenty years ago, there were fewer than 90 semiconductor companies today there are almost one-third hundred in the United States alone.And n ot only are the competitors new, bringing with t sew new products and new strategies, precisely the customers in homogeneous manner are new 90% of the community who apply a computer in 1990 were not using one in 1980. These new customers dont know ahout the old rules, the old understandings, or the old counselings of doing business and they dont care. What they do care about is a smart set that is willing to adapt its products or portions to fit their strategies. This represents the evolution of market to the market-driven party. Several decades ago, there were sales-driven companies.These organizations accented their energies on changing customers minds to fit the product praeticing the any garble as long as its black inculcate of trade. As teehnology go againsted and competition increased, some companies shifted their set out and became eustomer driven. These companies expressed a new willingness to change their product to fit customers requests practicing the tell us what coloring cloth you deficiency school of trade. In the 1990s, successful companies are becoming market driven, adapting their products to fit their customers strategies.These companies will practice lets figure out to make outher whether and how color matters to your larger intent merchandising. It is selling that is oriented toward creating or else than controlling a market it is 66 HARVARD art revaluation January-February 1991 based on exploitational education, incicmcntul im call d inducement, and ongoing process earlier than on simple market- dole out tactics, raw sales, and one-time events. nearly definitive, it draws on the base of knowledge and experience that exists in the organization. T ese two fundamentals, knowledge-based and experiencebased selling, will increasingly define the capabilities of a successful selling organization. They will supplant the old start to marketing and new product development. The old approach getting an idea, conduc ting traditional market research, developing a product, riseing the market, and finally going to market is slow, unresponsive, and turf-ridden. More all over, arrestn the fast-changing marketplace, there is less and less reason to believe that this traditional approach can forestall up with satisfying customer esteemes and demands or with the rigors of competition.Consider the mueh-publieized 1988 lawsuit that Beecham, the international consumer products group, filed against announce giant Saatchi Saatchi. The suit, which sought more than $24 zillion in damages, argued that Yankelovich Clancy Shulman, at that time Saatchis U. S. market-research subsidiary, had vastly overstated the projected market share of a new detergent that Beecham launched. Yankelovich forecast that Beechams product, Delicare, a cold-water detergent, would win amongst 45. 4% and 52. 3% of the U. S. arket if Beecham backed it with $18 million of advertizing. According to Beeeham, however, Delicares hig hest market share was 25% the product generally achieved a market share of between 15% and 20%. The lawsuit was settled out of court, with no clean up winner or loser. Regardless of the outcome, however, the issue it illustrates is widespread and fundamental forecasts, by their very nature, must be unreliable, particularly with engineering science, competitors, customers, and markets all shifting footing so often, so rapidly, and so radi bidy.The alternative to this old approach is know ledge-based and experience-based marketing. Knowledge-based marketing requires a phoner to master a scale of knowledge of the technology in which it competes of its competition of its customers of new sources of technology that can alter its rivalrous environs and of its bear organization, capabilities, plans, and way of doing business.Armed with this mastery, companies can put knowledge-based marketing to work in three essential ways integrate tbe customer into tbe devise process to guarant ee a product tbat is tailored not only to the customers demand and desires but in any case to the customers strategies generating nicbe thinking to role tbe play alongs knowledge of cbannels and markets to identify segments of tbe market tbe company can own and developing the bag of suppliers, vendors, partners, and users wbose traverseinghips will help bring and support tbe companys reputation and technological edge.The otber balf of this new marketing paradigm is experiencebased marketing, wbicb empbasizes interactivity, connectivity, and creativity. With tbis approacb, companies spend time with tbeir customers, constantly monitor tbeir competitors, and develop a bunkback-analysis system tbat turns this information about the market and the competition into important new product intelligence. At the selfsame(prenominal) time, tbese companies botb evaluate their own )anuary February 1991 HARVARD line redirect examination 67 MARKETING IS EVERYTHING echnology to assess its currency and cooperate with separatewise companies to create mutually advantageous systems and solutions. These close encounters with customers, competitors, and internal and external technologies give companies the firsthand experience they need to invest in market development and to take intelligent, calculated risks. In a time of exploding choice and uncertain change, marketing the new marketing is the answer. With so very much choice for customers, companies face the end of loyalty.To combat that threat, they can add sales and marketing quite a little, throwing dear(predicate) resources at the market as a way to retain customers. just the true(a) solution, of course, is not more marketing but smash marketing. And that meat marketing that buzz offs a way to integrate the customer into the company, to create and sustain a descent between the company and the customer. The marketer must he the integrator, both internally synthesizing technological capability wi th market needs and externally bringing the customer into the company as a participant in the development and adaptation of well be controlds and function.It is a fundamental shift in the purpose and purpose of marketing from manipulation of the customer to genuine customer occasion from telling and selling to communicating and sharing knowledge from last-in-line function to bodily-credibility champion. playacting the integrator requires the marketer to command credibility. In a marketplace characterized by rapid change and latently paralyzing choice, credibility survives the companys sustaining look upon.The character of its perplexity, the strength of its financials, the reference of its innovations, the congeniality of its customer references, the capabilities of its alliances these are the measures of a companys credibility. They are measures that, in turn, today affect its capacity to attract grapheme people, generate new ideas, and form quality relationships. T he relationships are the key, the hasis of customer choice and company adaptation. After all, what is a successful brand hovel a special relationship?And who hetter than a companys marketing people to create, sustain, and interpret the relationship between the company, its suppliers, and its customers? That is why, as the demands on the company chip in shifted from controlling woos to competing on products to serving customers, the core group of gravity in the company has shifted from finance to engineering-and now to marketing. In the 1990s, marketing will do more than sell. It will define the way a company does business. The old notion of marketing -was epitomized hy Marketing Is Everythins, and Every intimacy T A/T / + IS IViarKCting he ritual phone call from the CEO to the corporate headhunter saying, Find me a good marketing per- marketing operation What the QQ wanted, of course, was soul who could take on a discrete set of casebook functions that were generally assoc iated with run-of-the-mill marketing. That person would immediately go to Madison street to hire an advertisement agency, change the ad camping groundaign, redesign the company logo, restore the brochures, train the sales force, retain a high-powered public relations firm, and alter or some differentwise reposition the companys image.HARVARD BUSINESS REVTEW lanuary-February 1991 68 in arrears the CEOs call for a good marketing person were a number of assumptions and attitudes about marketing that it is a distinct function in the company, key from and usually subordinate to the core functions that its job is to identify groups of potential customers and find ways to convince them to buy the companys product or service and that at the heart of it is image making creating and projecting a false aesthesis of the company and its offerings to lure the customer into the companys grasp.If those assumptions ever were warranted in the past, however, all three are totally unsupportab le and obsolete today. Marketing today is not a function it is a way of doing business. Marketing is not a new ad campaign or this months promotion. Marketing has to be all- distributive, part of everyones job description, from the receptionists to the board of directors. Its job is neither to fool the customer nor to falsify the companys image. It is to integrate the customer into the design of the product and to design a ystematic process for interaction that will create substance in the relationship. To understand the un equivalentness between the old and tbe new marketing, compare how two bigb-tech medical instrument companies recently bandied similar customer telepbone calls requesting tbe repair and replacement of their equipment. Tbe first eompany call it Gluco delivered tbe replacement instrument to tbe customer witbin 24 hours of tbe request, no questions asked. Tbe corner in wbich it arrived contained instructions for sending back tbe broken instrument, a mailing labe l, and even tape to reseal tbe box.Tbe pbone call and tbe excbange of instruments were handled conveniently, professionally, and witb maximum consideration for and minimum spread to tbe customer. The moment company call it Pumpco bandied tbings quite differently. Tbe person wbo took the customers telepbone call good-for-naught never been asked about repairing a piece of equipment sbe tbougbtlessly sent tbe customer into tbe limbo of bold. Finally, sbe came back on the line to say tbat tbe customer would harbour to pay for tbe equipment repair and tbat a temporary replacement would toll an additional $ 15.Several age later, tbe customer get under ones skind tbe replacement witb no instructions, no information, no directions. Several weeks after the customer returned tbe broken equipment, it reappeared, repaired but witb no instructions concerning tbe temporary replacement. Finally, tbe customer got a demand letter from Pumpco, indicating tbat someone at Pumpco unhealthful m ade the mistake of not sending tbe equipment C. O. D. To Pumpco, marketing means selling tbings and collecting notes to Gluco, marketing means grammatical construction relationsbips witb its custotners.The way tbe two eompanies bandied two simple eustomer requests refleets tbe questions tbat customers increasingly ask in interactions witb all kinds of businesses, from airlines to software makers Wbicb company is competent, responsive, and well organized? Wbicb company do I trust to get it rigbt- Wbicb company would I ratber do business witb? Successful companies accreditedize tbat marketing is equivalent quality strengthened-in to tbe organization. equivalent quality, marketing is an intangible tbat tbe customer must experience to apprize.And homogeneous quality wbicb in tbe United States bas developed from early ideas standardized HARVARD BUSINESS redirect examination )anuary-February 1991 69 MARKETING IS EVERYTHING planned obsolescence and inspecting quality in to more determined concepts like the systemization of quality in every aspect of tbe organization marketing bas been evolutionary. Marketing bas shifted from tricking tbe customer to blaming the customer to satisfying the customer and now to integrating tbe customer systematically.As its next move, marketing must permanently shed its reputation for hucksterism and image making and create an award for marketing much like tbe Malcolm Baldrige interior(a) Quality Award. In fact, companies tbat continue to see marketing as a bag of tricks will lose out in sbort magnitude to companies tbat stress substance and real performance. Marketings ultimate assignment is to serve customers real needs and to communicate tbe substance of tbe company not to introduce tbe kinds of cosmetics tbat used to typify tbe auto industrys annual model cbanges.And because marketing in tbe 1990s is an expression of tbe companys cbaracter, it necessarily is a responsibility tbat belongs to the whole company. The Go al ofMarketing Is to hold the Market, Not fust U. S. companies typically make two kinds of mistakes. Some get caught up in the excitement and drive of making things, particularly new creto denounce the ations. Others bewilder absorbed in the competiPwduct selling things, particularly to increase their market share in a given product line. Both approaches could prove fatal to a business.Tbe problem witb tbe first is tbat it leads to an internal focus. Companies can become so fixated on pursuing tbeir R&D agendas that they immobilize about tbe customer, tbe market, tbe competition. They end up winning recognition as R&D introduces but lack the more important capability sustaining their performance and, sometimes, maintaining their independence. Genentech, for example, clearly emerged as the R&D pioneer in biotechnology, only to be acquired by Rocbe. Tbe problem with the second approach is that it leads to a market-sbare mentality, which inevitably translates into unde rshooting the market.A market-share mentality leads a company to think of its customers as share points and to use gimmicks, spiffs, and promotions to eke out a percentage-point gain. It pusbes a company to guess for incremental, sometimes even minuscule, growtb out of existing products or to spend high to launch a new product in a market where competitors enjoy a fat, dominant position. It turns marketing into an expensive fight over crumbs rather than a smart effort to own the whole pie. Tbe real goal of marketing is to own the market not just to make or sell products. Smart marketing means defining what wbole pie is yours.It means thinking of your company, your technology, your product in a fresh way, a way that comes by defining what you can lead. Because in marketing, what you lead, you own. Leadership is self-will. When you own the market, you do different things and you do tbings differently, as do your suppliers and your customers. When you own tbe market, you develop y our products to serve tbat market specifically you define tbe standards in that market you bring into your camp third parties who want to develop their own compatible products or offer you new features or add-ons to aug- 70 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW January-February 19yi ent your product you get the first look at new ideas that others are testing in that market you attract the most talented people because of your acknowledged lead position. Owning a market can become a self-reinforcing lock. Beeause you own the market, you become the dominant force in the field beeause you dominate the field, you deepen your ownership of the market. Ultimately, you deepen your relationship with your customers as well, as they attribute more and more leaders qualities to a company that exhibits such an integrated performance. To own the market, a eompany starts by thinking of a new way to define a market.Take, for instance, the case of Convex Computer. In 1984, Convex was looking to put a new comput er on the market. Because of tbe existing market segmentation. Convex could ask seen its only choice as competing for market sbare in the predefined markets in supercomputers where Cray henpecked or in minicomputers where Digital led. Determined to define a market it could own. Convex created the mini-supercomputer market by offering a product with a priee/performance ratio between Crays $5 million to $15 million supercomputers and Digitals $300,000 to $750,000 minieomputers.Convexs product, priced between $500,000 and $800,000, offered teehnological performance less than that of a full supercomputer and more than that of a minicomputer. Within this new market. Convex schematic itself as the leader. Intel did the same thing with its microprocessor. The company defined its early products and market more as computers than semiconductors. Intel offered, in essence, a computer on a chip, creating a new division of products that it could own and lead. Sometimes owning a market means b roadening it other times, narrowing it. apple has managed to do both in efforts to create and own a market.Apple first broadened the category of microscopical computers to achieve a leadership position. The market definition started out as hobby computers and had many small players. The next step was the home computer a market that was also crowded and limiting. Tb own a market, Apple identified the face-to-face computer, which expanded the market concept and made Apple the undeniable market leader. In a later move, Apple did the opposite, redefining a market by narrowing its definition. Unquestionably, IBM owned the business market for Apple, a market-share mentality in that arena would have been pointless.Instead, with technology alliances and marketing eorreetly defined, Apple created and owned a whole new market desktop publishing. Once inside the corporate world with desktop publishing, Apple could deepen and broaden its relationships with the business customer. Paradoxic ally, two important outcomes of owning a market are substantial earnings, which can fill again the companys R&D coffers, and a powerful market position, a beachhead from wbich a company can grow additional market share by expanding both its teehnological capabilities and its definition of the market.The greatest praetitioners of this marketing approach are Nipponese companies in industries like autos, commercial electronics, semiconductors, and computers and communications. Their primary goal is ownership of certain target markets. The keiretsv industrial structure leaves them to use all of the markets infrastructure to achieve HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW January-February 1991 * r MARKETING IS EVERYTHING this relationships in technology, information, politics, and dispersion help tbe company assert its leadership. Tbe Japanese strategy is consistent.Tbese companies begin by using basic research from tbe United States to jump-start new product development. From 1950 to 1978, for example, Japanese companies entered into 32,000 licensing arrangements to acquire foreign technology at an estimated cost of $9 billion. But the United States spent at least 50 times tbat much to do the original R&D. Next, these Japanese companies pusb out a variety of products to engage the market and to learn and and then focus on dominating tbe market to force foreign competitors to back away leaving them to barvest substantial returns.Tbese buge profits are recycled into a new spiral of R&J3, innovation, market creation, and market dominance. Tbat model of competing, which links R&D, technology, innovation, production, and finance integrated through marketings drive to own a market is the approacb tbat all competitors will take to succeed in the 1990s. In a world of pickle manufacturing, the counterpart was mass marketing. In a world of flexible Technolo2V nnufacturing, the counterpart is flexible market7-. 7 ine. The technology comes first, the ability to marJZ V UI VtCi jgj follows.The tecbnology embodies adaptability, programmability, and customizability now comes marketing that delivers on those qualities. straight off tecbnology has created tbe promise of any thing, any way, any time. Customers can have their own version of virtually any product, including one that magical spells to mass identification rather than individuality, if tbey so desire. Think of a product or an industry where customization is not predominant. The telephone? Originally, Bell Telephones goal was to place a simple, all-black pbone in every home. Today there are more than 1,000 permutations and combinations ready(prenominal), ith options running the gamut from different colorize and portahility to answering machines and programmability as well as services. Tbere is the further promise of optic fiber and the convergence of computers and communications into a unified industry with even greater technological choice. How about a venerable product like the bicyc le, which appeared originally as a sketch in Leonardo da Vincis notebooks? According to a recent article in the Washington Post, tbe National Bicycle Industrial Company in Kokubu, Japan builds made-to-order bicycles on an assembly line.The bicycles, fitted to each customers measurements, are delivered within two weeks of the order and the company offers 11,231,862 variations on its models, at prices only 10% higher than ready-made models. thus far newspapers tbat report on this technology-led move to customization are themselves increasingly customized. Faced witb dead(prenominal) circulation, the urban daily newspapers have begun to customize their news, advertizement, and even editorial and sports pages to appeal to local suburban readers. The Los Angeles Times, for example, has seven zoned editions targeting each of tbe citys surrounding communities.What is at work here is the predominant matbematical aspect of todays marketing variety plus service equals customization. For 72 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW January-February all of its handying about as a marketing buzzword, customization is a remarkably direct concept it is the capacity to deal with a customer in a unique way. Technology makes it increasingly possible to do that, but interestingly, marketings version of the laws of physics makes it increasingly difficult. According to quantum physics, things act differently at the micro level Light is the uncorrupted example.When candided to certain kinds of tests, light guides like a motion, moving in much the way an ocean joggle moves. But in other tests, light behaves more like a particle, moving as a star ball. So, scientists ask, is it a tramp or a particle? And when is it which? Markets and customers operate like light and brawniness. In fact, like light, the customer is more than one thing at the same time. Sometimes consumers behave as part of a group, fitting neatly into social and psychographic classifications. Other times, the consumer we ar upons loose and is iconoclastic.Customers make and break patterns the senior citizen market is filled with older people who intensely wish to act youthful, and the upscale market must contend with wealthy people who hide their money behind the most utilitarian purchases. Markets are subject to laws similar to those of quantum physics. Different markets have different levels of consumer energy, stages in the markets development where a product surges, is absorbed, dissipates, and dies. A fad, after all, is nothing more than a wave that dissipates and then becomes a particle.Take the much-discussed Yuppie market and its association with certain branded consumer products, like BMWs. After a stage of bigh customer energy and close identification, the wave has broken. Having been saturated and absorbed by the marketplace, the Yuppie association has faded, just as energy does in the physical world. Sensing the change, BMW no longish sells to the Yuppie life sprint but now focuses on t he technological capabilities of its machines. And Yuppies are no longer the wave they once were as a market, they are more like particles as they look for more individualistic and personalised expressions of their consumer energy.Of course, since particles can also behave like waves again, it is likely that smart marketers will tap some new energy source, such as values, to recoalesce the young, affluent market into a wave. And technology gives marketers the tools they need, such as database marketing, to discern waves and particles and even to design programs that combine equal particles to form a powerful wave. The lesson for marketers is much the same as that balmy by Buckminster Fuller for scientists Dont fight forces,- use them. Marketers who follow and use technology, rather than oppose it, will discover that it creates and leads directly to new market forms and opportunities. Take audiocassettes, tapes, and compact discs. For years, record and tape companies jealously gua rded their property. Knowing that home hackers pirated tapes and created their own composite cassettes, the music companies steadfastly resisted the forces of technology until the Personics System established that technology was making a legitimate market for pass, high-quality customized composite cassettes and CDs.Rather than treating the customer as a criminal, Personics saw a market. Today consumers can design personalized music tapes from the Personics System, a rewed-up jukebox with a library of HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW (anuary R-bmary 1991 73 MARKETING IS EVERYTHING over 5,000 songs. For $1. 10 per song, consumers tell tbe macbine wbat to record. In about ten legal proceeding, tbe system makes a customized tape and prints out a laser-quality label of tbe selections, complete witb tbe customers name and a personalized title for tbe tape. Launcbed in 1988, tbe system bas already spread to more tban 250 stores.Smart marketers bave, once again, allowed tecbnology to create the customizing relationship witb tbe customer. We are witnessing tbe obsoleseence of advertisg-1 tbe old model of marketing, it made sense as oveS fTOm wbole formula you sell mass-produced tn lU Q 3 jygg market tbrougb mass media. Marketings job was to use advertising to deliver a message to tbe consumer in a one-way communication Buy tbis Tbat message no longer works, and advertising is sbowing tbe effects. In 1989, newspaper advertising grew only 4%, compared witb 6% in 1988and9% in 1987.According to a study by Syracuse Universitys Jobn Pbilip Jones, ad spending in tbe major media bas been stalled at 1. 5% of GNP since 1984. Ad agency staffing, researcb, and profitability bave been affected. Three think factors explain tbe decline of advertising. First, advertising overkill bas started to ricocbet back on advertising itself. Tbe proliferation of products has yielded a proliferation of messages U. S. customers are hit witb up to 3,000 marketing messages a day. In an effort to bomb ard the customer with yet one more advertisement, marketers are squeezing as many voices as they can into tbe space allotted to tbem.In 1988, for example, 38% of primetime and 47% of weekday daytime video recording commercials were only 15 seconds in duration in 1984, those figures were 6% and 11 % respeetively. As a result of the shift to 15-second commercials, the number of television commercials bas skyrocketed between 1984 and 1988, prime-time commercials increased by 25%, weekday daytime by 24%. Predictably, bowever, a greater number of voices translates into a smaller impact. Customers simply are unable to remember wbich advertisement pitcbes wbich product, much less wbat qualities or attributes might discriminate one product from anotber.Very simply, its a jumble out tbere. Take tbe staggeringly clever and vituperatively acclaimed series of advertisements for Eveready batteries, featuring a tireless marching rabbit. Tbe ad was so successful tbat a survey conducted by Vide o Storyboard Tests Inc. named it one of tbe top commercials in 1990 for Duracell, Evereadys top competitor. In fact, a full 40% of tbose wbo selected tbe ad as an outstanding commercial attributed it to Duracell. Partly as a consequence of tbis confusion, reports indicate that Duracells market share has grown, while Evereadys whitethorn have sbrunk sligbtly.Batteries are not the only market in whicb more advertising succeeds in spreading more confusion. The same thing bas happened in markets like athletic footwear and soda pop, where competing companies have signed up so many celebrity sponsors that consumers can no longer come up straight who is pitcbing wbat for whom. In 1989, for example. Coke, Diet Coke, Pepsi, and Diet Pepsi used nearly three dozen movie stars, athletes, musicians, and television personalities to tell consumers to buy more cola. But wben tbe 74 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW January-February 1991 moke and mirrors bad cleared, most consumers couldnt remember wbetber foe meitnerium and Don Jobnson drank Coke or Pepsi or botb. Or wby it really mattered. Tbe second development in advertisings decline is an outgrowth of the first as advertising has proliferated and become more obnoxiously insistent, consumers bave gotten fed up. Tbe more advertising seeks to intrude, tbe more people try to shut it out. Last year, Disney won the applause of commercial-weary customers when the company announced tbat it would not screen its films in tbeaters that showed commercials before the feature.A Disney executive was quoted as saying, Movie theaters should he preserved as environments where consumers can escape from the pervasive onslaught of advertising. Buttressing its position, tbe company cited survey data puzzleed from moviegoers, 90% of wbom tell tbey did not want commercials sbown in movie tbeaters and 95% of wbom said tbey did want to see previews of coming attractions. More recently, after a number of failed attempts, the U. S. recounting responde d to the growing concerns of parents and educators over the eommercial content of childrens television.A new law limits tbe number of minutes of commercials and directs tbe Federal Communications Commission botb to examine programlength commercials cartoon shows linked to commercial product lines and to make each television stations contribution to cbildrens educational needs a condition for license renewal. Tbis concern over advertising is mirror in a variety of arenas from public outcry over nance marketing plans targeted at blacks and women to calls for more environmentally sensitive packaging and products.The rudimentary reason bebind botb of these factors is advertisings dirty little secret it serves no useful purpose. In todays market, advertising simply misses the fundamental point of marketing adaptability, flexibility, and responsiveness. Tbe new marketing requires a feedback loop it is tbis element tbat is missing from tbe monologue of advertising but that is built in to the dialogue of marketing. Tbe feedback loop, connecting company and customer, is central to tbe operating definition of a truly market-driven company a company that adapts in a seasonably way to the changing needs of tbe customer.Apple is one such company. Its macintosh computer is regarded as a machine that launched a revolution. At its birth in 1984, industry analysts received it with praise and acclaim. But in retrospect, the first Macintosh had many weaknesses it had limited, nonexpandable memory, virtually no applications software, and a blackand-wbite screen. For all tbose deficiencies, bowever, tbe Mac bad two strengtbs tbat more than compensated it was incredibly easy to use, and it bad a user group tbat was prepared to praise Mac publicly at its launeb and to advise Apple privately on bow to improve it.In other words, it had a feedback loop. It was tbis feedback loop tbat brougbt about change in tbe Mac, wbicb ultimately became an open, adaptable, and deep computer. And it was changing the Mac that saved it. Months before launebing tbe Mac, Apple gave a specimen of tbe product to 100 influential Americans to use and comment on. It signed up 100 tbird-party software suppliers wbo began to envision applications that could take advantage of the Macs simplicity. It HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW (anuary-February 1991 75MARKETING IS EVERYTHING trained over 4,000 dealer salespeople and gave full-day, hands-on demonstrations of the Mac to industry insiders and analysts. Apple got two benefits from this network educated Mac supporters who could legitimately praise the product to the press and invested consumers who could tell the company what the Mac needed. The dialogue witb customers cmd media praise were expense more than any notice advertising could buy. Apples approach represents the new marketing model, a shift from monologue to dialogue.It is accomplished through experience-based marketing, where companies create opportunities for customers and poten tial customers to sample their products and then provide feedback. It is accomplished through beta sites, where a company can install a prelaunch product and study its use and needed refinements. Experienced-based marketing allows a company to work closely with a client to change a product, to adapt the technology recognizing that no product is perfect wben it comes from engineering. This interaction was precisely the approach taken by drive off in developing its recently announced Docutech System.Seven months before launeh, Xerox established 25 beta sites. From its prelaunch eustomers, Xerox learned what adjustments it should make, what service and support it should supply, and what enhancements and related new products it might next introduce. The goal is adaptive marketing, marketing that stresses sensitivity, flexibility, and resiliency. sensibility comes from having a variety of modes and channels through which companies can read the environment, from user groups that offer live feedback to sophisticated consumer scanners that provide data on customer choice in real time.Flexibility comes from creating an organizational structure and operating style that permits the company to take advantage of new opportunities presented by customer feedback. resilience comes from learning from mistakes marketing that listens and responds. The line between products and services is fast Marketing a Product d Service Is Is iVl(irK6tll2g Q. 1 rOuUCt gj-jjj viotors makes more money from lending its eroding, what once appeared to be a rigid polarity become a hybrid the servicization of prod productization of services. When Gen- ustomers money to buy its cars than it makes from manufacturing the cars, is it marketing its products or its services? When IBM announces to all the world that it is now in the systems-integration business the customer can buy any box from any vendor and IBM will supply the systems know-how to make the whole thing work together is it market ing its products or its services? In fact, the computer business today is 75% services it consists overwhelmingly of applications knowledge, systems analysis, systems engineering, systems integration, networking solutions, security, and maintenance.The point applies just as well to less grandiose eompanies and to less expensive consumer products. Take the large corner drugstore that stocks kelvins of products, from cosmetics to wristwatches. The products are for sale, but the store is actually marketing a service the convenience of having so much variety collected and arrayed in one location. Or take any of the ordinary products found in the home, from boxes of cereal to table lamps to VCRs. All of 76 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW January-February 1991 hem come with some form of information designed to perform a service nutritional information to indicate tbe actual food value of the cereal to tbe health-conscious consumer a United Laboratories label on tbe lamp as an confidence of tes ting an operating manual to belp tbe nontecbnical VCR customer rig up tbe new unit. Tbere is ample room to improve tbe quality of this information to make it more useful, more convenient, or even more entertaining hut in almost every case, the service information is a critical broker of the product.On the other side of tbe hybrid, service providers are acknowledging tbe productization of services. Service providers, such as banks, insurance companies, consulting firms, even airlines and radio stations, are creating tangible events, clamant and predictable exercises, standard and customizable packages tbat are product services. A frequent-flier or a frequent-listener club is a product service, as are regular audits performed by consulting firms or new loan packages assembled by banks to respond to cbanging economic conditions.As products and services merge, it is critical for marketers to understand clearly what marketing the new hybrid is not. Tbe serviee component is not satisf ied by repairing a product if it breaks. Nor is it satisfied by an 800 number, a warranty, or a customer survey form. Wbat customers want most from a product is often qualitative and intangible it is tbe service tbat is integral to the product. Service is not an event it is the process of creating a customer environment of information, assurance, and comfort. Consider an experienee that by now must have become platitude for all of us as consumers.You go to an electronics store and buy an expensive piece of audio or video equipment, say, a CD player, a VCR, or a video camera. You take it bome, and a few days later, you accidentally drop it. It breaks. It wont work. Now, as a customer, you have a closing to make. When you take it back to the store, do you say it was broken wben you took it out of the box? Or do you tell the truth? The answer, honestly, depends on how you think the store will respond. But just as honestly, most customers appreciate a store that encourages them to tel l the truth by making good on all customer problems.Service is, ultimately, an environment that encourages honesty. The company that adopts a well make good on it, no questions asked policy in the face of adversity may win a customer for life. Marketers who ignore the service component of their products focus on competitive differentiation and tools to penetrate markets. Marketers who appreciate the importance of the product-service hybrid focus on building loyal customer relationships. Technology and marketing once may bave Technology looked like opposites.The cold, impersonal sameness of technology and the high-touch, human Technology uniqueness of marketing seemed eternally at odds, Computers would only make marketing less personal marketing could never leam to appreciate the look and feel of computers, datahases, and the rest of the high-tech paraphernalia. On the grounds of cost, a truce was eventually arranged. Very simply, marketers discovered that real savings could be gaine d hy KARVAKD BUSINESS REVIEW lanuary-February 1991 Markets 77 MARKETING IS EVERYTHING using technology to do what previously had required expensive, intensive, and often risky, people-directed field operations.For example, marketers learned that by co-ordinated a database with a marketing plan to simulate a new product launch on a computer, they could accomplish in 90 days and for $50,000 what otherwise would take as long as a year and cost at least several hundred thousand dollars. But having moved beyond the simple automation-for-cost-saving stage, technology and marketing have now not only fused but also begun to feed hack to each other. The result is the transformation of both technology and the product and the reshaping of both the customer and tbe company.Technology permits information to flow in both directions between the customer and the company. It creates the feedback loop that integrates the customer into the company, allows tbe company to own a market, permits customiza tion, creates a dialogue, and turns a product into a service and a service into a product. T he direction in which Genentech has moved in its use of laptop and hand-held computers illustrates the transforming power of technology as it merges with marketing. Originally, the biotechnology company planned to have salespeople use laptops on their sales calls as a way to automate the sales function.Sales reps, working solely out of their homes, would use laptops to get and send electronic mail, file reports on computerized templates, place orders, and receive company press releases and information updates. In addition, the laptops would enable sales reps to keep databases that would track customers buying histories and company performance. That was the initial level of expectations very low. In fact, the technology-marketing marriage has dramatically altered the customer-company relationship and the joh of the sales rep. Sales reps have emerged as marketing consultants.Armed with techni cal information generated and gathered by Genentech, sales reps can provide a valuable educational service to their customers, who are primarily pharmacists and physicians. For example, analysis of the largest study of children with a disease called short stature is available only through Genentech and its representatives. With this analysis, which is hased on clinical studies of 6,000 patients between the ages of one month and 30 years, and with the help of an on-line growth calculator, doctors can better judge when to use the growth hormone Protropin.Genentecbs system also includes a general educational component. Sales reps can use their laptops to access the current articles or technical reports from medical conferences to help doctors keep up to date. The laptops also make it possible for doctors to use sales reps as research associates Genentech has a staff of medical specialists who can answer highly technical questions constitute through an on-line question-and-answer tem plate.When sales reps enter a question on the template, the e-mail function immediately routes it to the appropriate specialist. For relatively simple questions, online answers come back to the sales rep within a day. In the 1990s, Genentechs laptop system and the hundreds of similar applications that sprang up in tbe 1980s to automate sales, marketing, service, and distribution will seem like a rather obviHARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW January-February 1991 78 ous and primitive way to meld tecbnology and marketing.The marketer will bave available not only existing tecbnologies but also tbeir converging capabilities personal computers, databases, CD-ROMs, grapbic displays, multimedia, color terminals, computer-video tecbnology, networking, a custom processor tbat can be built into anytbing anywhere to create intelligence on a countertop or a dasbboard, seanners that read text, and networks tbat instantaneously create and distribute vast reacbes of information. As design and manufacturing tecbnologies advance into real time processes, marketing will move to overstep tbe gap between production and consumption.Tbe result will be marketing workstations the marketers counterpart to CAD/CAM systems for engineers and product designers. Tbe marketing workstation will draw on grapbic, video, audio, and numeric information from a network of databases. The marketer will be able to look tbrougb windows on tbe workstation and manipulate data, simulate markets and products, bounce concepts off otbers in distant cities, write production orders for product designs and packaging concepts, and bugger off costs, timetables, and distribution scbedules.Just as computer-comfortable cbildren today tbink notbing of manipulating figures and playing fantastic games on tbe same color screens, marketers will use the workstation to play botb designer and eonsumer. Tbe workstation will allow marketers to integrate data on historic sales and cost figures, competitive trends, and consumer patt erns. At tbe same time, marketers will be able to create and test advertisements and promotions, evaluate media options, and analyze viewer and readersbip data. And finally, marketers will be able to obtain instant feedbaek on concepts and plans and to move marketing plans rapidly into production.Tbe marriage of technology and marketing should bring witb it a renaissance of marketing RikD a new capability to explore new ideas, to test tbem against tbe reactions of real eustomers in real time, and to advance to experience-based leaps of faith. It should be the vehicle for bringing tbe customer inside the company and for putting marketing in tbe eenter of tbe company. In tbe 1990s, tbe critical dimensions of tbe company including all of tbe attributes tbat togetber define how the company does business are ultimately tbe functions of marketing.That is wby marketing is everyones job, wby marketing is everytbing and everytbing is marketing. Reprint 91108 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW liinu ary-February 1991 79 Harvard Business Review happen of Use Restrictions, May 2009 Harvard Business Review and Harvard Business Publishing newsletter content on EBSCO troops is licensed for the private individual use of authorized EBSCOhost users. It is not intended for use as assigned course material in academic institutions nor as corporate learning or nurture materials in businesses.Academic licensees may not use this content in electronic reserves, electronic course packs, lasting linking from syllabi or by any other means of incorporating the content into course resources. Business licensees may not host this content on learning management systems or use persistent linking or other means to incorporate the content into learning management systems. Harvard Business Publishing will be pleased to grant authorization to make this content available through such means. For rates and permission, intercommunicate email&160protected org.

The Administrative Agencies in the United States and their Implications

Administrative agencies atomic number 18 apart from the other outgrowthes of the government, the executive, legal and the legislative, but be able to exercise the functions of the triplet. These agencies are authorized and back up by the legislative orders, and are capable of implementing and creating regulations, enforcing and adjudicating. They say that courts do not possess these capabilities.The continuous prevalence of this diversity of system has increased the popularity of administrative laws in the Supreme Court. It came to the point that almost 1/3 of the decisions to be made by the court is about the administrative actions.Take note that administrative agencies function on the most sensitive areas of the society, and thusly were called the quarter branch of the government. The agencies have a comparable scope of authority and perimeter to the three above-mentioned branches, and thus their impact is very much anticipated (Barry and Whitcomb, 2005, p. 25).One of the disadvantages with this kind of system is that the administrative social function takes itself apart from the people under their functions. Because of this, the decisions they gift are lacking in sympathetic flavor and thus are prone to the erosion of public interest.The executive part may settle on the basis of a single person, and because of this there might be narrowness in the judgment of that person, which makes the decision not applicable to many, thus is susceptible to initiating conflict (Zwart and Verhey, 2003, p. 58).The United States has become an increasingly administrative form. In line with this, implications were identified and patterned before the American character (democracy, justice, pure tone of life). Aside from the implication mentioned above, there are other troubling implications which are even historical but still this kid of system has prevailed.The popular options made this kind of order, and still are renewable as placed upon by the many. To stick wi th this kind of thinking, the decision makers in the administrative office must be free from interpersonal wreaks, and be strong-willed in addition in order to come up with the necessary actions.When the customary governance has come into abuse or distortion, this is a possible threat to the American governance (Salyer,1995, p 246). Interest groups are everywhere, and they may greatly influence the administrative actions (policy implementation) and even the legislation (policy adoption), or take control of them.It is of tall tendency that government policies may be formulated in the absence of law, and the law be just allowed to be made by this fourth branch (Williams and Torrens, 2001, p, 357).ReferencesBarry, D. D., & amp Whitcomb, H. R. (2005). The Legal Foundations of Public Administration. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from http//books.google.com/books?id=MQkiiTv5yg4CSalyer, L. E. (1995). Laws Harsh as Tigers Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law. Retrieve d July 9, 2008, from http//books.google.com/books?id=2WWkzfYnsrMCWilliams, S. J., & Torrens, P. R. (2001). Introduction to Health Services. Retrieved July 8, 2008, from http//books.google.com/books?id=95q7ZvXPd8wCZwart, T. L., & Verhey, F. M. (2003). Agencies in European and comparative perspective. Retrieved July 9, 2008, from http//books.google.com/books?id=KWaAh5jMiB0C

The Effects of Gender, Oppression, and Ideology of Women in the Society

Wo hands be most often viewed as federal agency of men. They argon at the side or behind a firearms identity. A char is macrocosm talked about by con noning the wife of, the young woman of, or the mother of Women ar viewed to be not re bothy world-shaking in the society in history. They ar only existent to sue their men for physical and emotional aspect. According to history, women are only subjects and/or objects of the society. In this modern period, women still visit these kinds of situations in distinguishable countries approximately the world.It is good to obtain better understanding on the situations of women in diverse nations to justify the wholeness of womens invention. d genius this, we could be able to square off and analyze the circumstances of women and how these concepts affect their womanhood in their throw society. Therefore, the persona of this paper is to discuss the three concepts of women in different societies gender, conquering, and polit ical orientation. Women are make only for men. This is the popular perception towards women in the past. Gender is always been an douse for womens billet in the society. They have many limitations because of their gender.Women are cognise to be weaker than men because of the societys perspective in history. emotional state for women is simple and basic for the whole nation but for womens confess situation, it is to a greater extent complex and complicated because they have no freedom. For this reason, most women employ to stay at home nonetheless if they have attained a certain degree of knowledge. After graduating in college, they willing marry their man and stay at home developing their intelligence of womanhood at home. Women are created to be the wife and mother of their family no more and no less. In this procedure, it can be said that womens gender has its own limitation in the society.It only means that they could not able to go beyond their limit such as serving the whole country. They are imprisoned into their homes to serve their family alone. These are only basic implications of womens gender in the society but in Tamil, it more than expected. Gender issues adjoin nations and nationalism are perhaps most clearly articulated at ages of war, when bodies become the sites of conflict. The masculinization of war and citizenship has been recognized as being intimately connected, with the exclusion of women from the military crystallizing in their exclusion from citizenship (Segaram, 2001). Because they are in any case part of the war, women cute to help hasten the freedom against colonialism. They are eager to serve their country and fight for their freedom. However, it is not accepted in the society seeing women being part of the encounter. They can be thither to be the healer of men but they could not be part of mens battleground. The main reason why women could not come on their support for freedom in this aspect is because they are women. They are weaker and would not create clear focus and yet they may become the recessional of losing. Womens status in the society is always been a damaging perspective.Because of this, women could not able to empower themselves and keeping their identity as weaker and certified to men. Womens gender is a deprivation of their freedom to walk smashing and show the world that they could also make changes. Women are always left(a) in their homes to nurture their children but they could not able to nurture their selves. Through this, many women suffer from psychological defects when it comes to their liberty and accessible interaction. Instead of empowering their patrol wagon and minds, women are feebler and tend to depend on their partners for their ineluctably.However, in society today, women wanted to change the notion of gender inequality. They are showing their freedom and license to their society by reporting. There are also times when women are making money whil e their partner is the one nurturing their children. From this case, it can be said that that status of women is trying to make changes and equality to men when it comes to the needs of the society. On the other way around, onerousness is a manifestation of social inequality. It lies within the issue of gender. Oppression is also an effect of gender deprivation of the society towards women.Once thither is a social inequality, there is a phase of oppression. Womens oppression may exist everywhere physical, mental, emotional, and even in literature, women is also being oppressed. Once a womans identity is used for personal purpose that is negative for womens pictorial matter in the society, it can be called as oppression. It only means that the concept of oppression is merely a complicated and hard deconstruction of women authorization and social identity. Ruling class women were increasingly treated as one more possession of a male controller of the surplus, valued as an ornamen t, a source of sexual pleasure or as a breeder of heirs.They would be protected from hardship and external dangers, but also cocooned from any interaction with the wider social world (Harman, 2002). When a woman is controlled by a man with objection in the side of the woman, there is a simply a form of oppression. It shows that everything that is a form of hostility against women is oppression and it is shown in different parts of the world. Social inequality, discrimination, condemnation, and sexual objectivism are forms of oppression that women continue to experience from the history until now. Oppression is usually experienced of women in the third world countries.They were being oppressed by their partners and authorities. They experience this form of threat because they are voiceless and helpless. Women in these societies tend to become soundless for truth because they are afraid in the possible outcome of their elevated justice. Every woman who experience oppression is inc apable of showing herself in front of others. She could not able to define her identity because she is treated as an object by her environment. Because of this, womens perspective against this issue is more on the ideal side because most probably than not, they will experience this mother wit of inequality in their society.Another concept that affects women the most is ideology. Women have marvelous and observational based knowledge. They have the cleverness to work for the needs of the race around them especially for their family. According to research, women are more strategic than men especially in the third world countries. Women in these countries took all the slant right through their arms. Their partners may live them and find their own chance with the arms of others but these women who are mothers of 5-12 children could be able to feed all of them.Women have goals and purpose whenever they enter a certain situation or circumstances. In comparison to men, women would be able to accept their defeat and work harder but men would probably stop from doing his responsibilities once he experience defeat and failure. When a woman entered a situation, she has the guts to kneel to her trust and be with her partner. It exists in the aspect of religion. When a couple has different religion, the woman will bow down and accept the religion of her partner. This is a usual case for women who are part of religious countries like India.It can be said as a form of ideology because women believed in the sense of acceptance and survival. Women are more prone to adjustment that concede them the capability create more ideas and perspectives in every situation. The ideology of communalism plays around the feeble of numbers. It goes on to assert that the population of minorities is on the rise due to more wives and children of Muslims. And this will result in this Hindu Rashtra being converted to Moslem country (Puniyani, 2005). However, more often than not, the soc iety will dictate where a woman must go when it comes to religious issues.Therefore, womans ideology becomes a social or communal ideology. In conclusion to this, it can be said that womens gender, oppression, and ideology are interrelating factors that deals with the trend and name of societys perspective towards women. Gender will define the status of a person in the society. If she is a woman, more or less, she will experience certain oppression within her environment but through the depiction of ideology whether personal or communal will give a woman the capability to strengthen her use and status in her country.Life as a woman is a continuous battle against social oppression and inequality. There is always a need for mail and logical justifications of facts and evidences to make the status of women elevate to the next position. As time passes by, womens status emerged to a better situation but there is always a challenge beyond everything. Women need to face the different soc ial threats and disabilities to show her dignity and pride in her field. The purpose of separately woman today is to make a change for the survival of women in the traditional society that deals with discrimination and social destruction.

Family structure Essay

First of all the meaning of a family varies from train to place and from civilisation to culture. Nowadays in some countries there are contrastive im jump ons of family existence. For instance impostal elongate family has dominated the Saudi-Arabian Arabia, they have considered the parents the siblings aunts and uncles cousins and railyard and great grand parents form the basic unit of the society.The traditional extended family structure has ended up being in Saudi because of the sustenance of the Islamic social, political, and political values. This means that e truly single being individuation in Saudi Arabia posts a collective ancestry, respect for elders, obligation and business for the welfare of other family members. Australian families layaboutnot be compared with the Saudi Arabian type of a family we can define the Australian type of a family as nuclear one barely not all families are nuclear.This defines the Australian Family, Which is there might be pit with o r without co-resident children of any age or lone parents with co-resident children of any age or other families of colligate adults such as brothers or sisters living together where no couple or parent child relationship exists. Effect of Family Structure on Life Satisfaction Australian Evidence. (2010). Australian community is considered to be the refined sugar winner that is the return can go to work with the obtain, but bulk the mother provides for the family whereas the pay back organizes a good bond with the kids.Australia institute of family studies (2010). The mother and the father are answerable for the decision of the family and are both responsible in raising and taking care of the children. This is much different with the Saudi Arabian parents the mother is responsible for the taking care id the children and the house tie chores while the father is still considered to be the head of the family, sons and daughters are taught on how to follow the inherited tradition s and responsibilities.a womas life Saudi Arabia (2008). The develop workforcet of culture beliefs and habit from the past has brought up a difference of the role of the men and women I n both Australia and Saudi Arabia. Both the countries beliefs state that the valet de chambre still keeps the head of the family and the woman remains the care bestower of the children, no matter how they try to change the role it will remain the culture being the same.There is difference on the two countries on the bond of the parent and the pueriler for example in Australia the mother and the father is always close to the adolescentr, he gives advice to the teenager and allows him to take the necessary decisions for himself f but this is very different in Saudi Arabia where by the teenage boy should only be seen with other teen age boys and the teenage misfire should stay with other teenage girls, they do not machinate there own decision they follow up the inherited tradition and responsibiti es.In Australia it is the role of the parent to allow the children to have enough post on what they are supposed to do that is taking care of the children is very necessary but letting them make there own choice, but the Saudi Arabia its much different where by some children will be allowed to take care of other children but at the same while under the supervision of the parent David E (2003).Both the mother and the father in Australia pay close attention to there children for instance they can interact withdrawly with them by either the child is a girl or a boy, but this is also different in Saudi Arabia where by the father is free with the boy child and the mother is free with the girl child. Skolnik A (2010) Reference list A Womans Life in Saudi Arabia. (2008). Available http//americanbedu.com/2008/03/06/a-womans-life-in-saudi-arabia/(accessed April 23, 2010). Australian Institute of Family Studies. Available(2010). http//www. aifs. gov. au/ (accessed April 25, 2010). David E. (2003) The Role of the Extended Family in Saudi Arabia.. http//www. saudi-american-forum. org/Newsletters/SAF_Essay_09. htm(accessed April 24, 2010). Effect of Family Structure on Life Satisfaction Australian Evidence. (2010). http//ideas.repec. org/p/iae/iaewps/wp2004n24. html (accessed April 22, 2010). Skolnik, A. Politics of Family Structure. (2010). http//www. scu. edu/ ethics/publications/other/lawreview/familystructure. html (accessed April 24, 2010). Some sub-cultural variables in family structure in Australia . 2010. http//www. informaworld. com/smpp/1461654283-62197970/ bailiwickcontent=a782578385? words=taft&hash=1395657467 (accessed April 24, 2010).

How would you perform the role of BottomIn Act 1 scene 2?

tush is one of the gathering called the mechanics and he is an important comic subject and is the only pernicious to enter the world of fairies. In this scene we are introduced to him for the first clock and he is one of a band of workmen who offer a sleep with contrast to the world of fairies that we saw previously. In the scene a grouping of artisans discuss the piddle away they are going to perform as small-arm of Theseuss wedding celebration. The b appear is entitled, The nigh lamentable comedy, and most cruel devastation of Pyramus and Thisbe. Peter quince bush takes a roll call of the actors and hands tabu their fall aparts. Bottom the weaver gets the leading role of Pyramus, which pleases him because he is super-confident of his acting abilities. Bottoms clothes forget reflect his billet as a weaver, so so his trick up capability be torn or dusty. His dramatic status is important because he is a dominant, full of self-importance and eager to overcome the meeting of this band of amateur actors.I would also start out his costume quite colourful, to reflect his happy, enthusiastic and quite over bearing character. My operation would be influenced by my physical appearance and vocal characteristics. I analyze Bottom as a trades human beings in his forties, taller than the some new(prenominal)s and of portly build, in fact I would motive him to be physically larger than lifetime and his idiom Devonshire in cadence and with a raucous singing component part.In this scene, my performance would have to reflect the rivalry in the midst of Bottom and quince bush. In the beginning of the scene, Quince who is in file, would walk in rather proud, with an true posture, and with head held high, maybe greeting the workmen by shaking their hands and smiling, as he doesnt privation to hold enemies and wants them to do what he requires and to ignore Bottom. He would probably forget to acknowledge Bottom and walk straight recent him to drift him in his place. Bottoms first line You were best to call them generally, man by man according to the scrip, shows that despite Quinces dislike for him, and the attempt to cast waste his confidence, he is still extrovert and larger than life. It was directed to Quince and in fiddleing this part I would make my voice domineering tawdry and move in close to Quince efforting to intimidate him, as he is smaller than me. Quince would also be centre stage, as he is close the focal point and is meant to be in strike of the different actors, who would be tantalizeting down, looking up to him.Bottom would bag up in order to compete with Quince and try to move him kayoed of the way or maybe stand in count of him to block him completely. My intention would also to get mass to like me and to substantiate a friendship with them by shaking their hands. I would then calve off from doing this to say First effectual Peter Quince, say what the play treats on.. in a forceful m anner and then get closer to Quince, snatching the scroll proscribed of his hand, as if to take over the rehearsal myself.thither would be complete scuffle between them as they fight for heat of the script, and this could be created very comically using large exaggerated gestures and their voice could turn into a crescendo, getting cheaper to get their point across without the other interfering. As bottom I would sound very confident and sometimes virtually quite patronising, as if I am talking to people far more inferior to me for example when I say A very good piece of work I assure you, and a merry almost as if my opinion is important and worth hearing. Also when I say Now good Peter Quince, call forth your actors.. it would be in a very instructive but condescending look, emphasising the rallying cry good as it would provoke an annoyed reaction from Quince. Even when Quince calls out my name, emphasising that I am undecomposed a weaver, I would respond enthusiastically, instructing him to assort me my part and to carry on with authority. Quince appears very great powerful and ignores Bottom, so Bottom has to re-establish his importance by ordering masters spread yourselves at this point I would reveal some dissatisfaction and pull up a chair and reluctantly sit down.At this stage I would want my earreach to respond, by guessing Bottom a rather loud mouthed bossy individual and have them feel sorry for Quince having to put up with such a disruptive member of the group. When finding out that I am a lover that kills myself most gallant for love I forget respond very dramatically, speciateing the actors how the audience allow cry, as my acting depart be so natural and feelingal. I would maintain my hands up to my heart to portray this and maybe pretend to puddle out a s discussion to show how brave I am, notwithstanding though I am just a lover and not a tyrant.I would also suggest other parts such as Ercles or a part to tear a spit in, t o show my capabilities, and in doing this I would screw my face up to make me look vicious and claw my hands, frantically moving my blazon screen and forth as if I am attacking a cat. I back see myself in every role and when I order my poem I walk around the whole stage, emphasising the words raging almost spitting the words out to show my fury, and shivering by holding my arms and trembling, with my teeth chattering.I would also push my hands out forcefully, driving force my body forward, almost as if I was breaking the locks of the prison gates. Quince just ignores him and continues to issue parts to the other actors. I watch when Quince assigns the part of Thisby to the flute, the bellows-mender, which is the other leading role, and when Flute refuses the part as he has a beard coming, my faces becomes animated and delighted as I would love to play that part too, this would be shown by my raised bright eyes and my undefended mouth.I face Quince, even though he faces away a nd tell him how I could wear a mask, and speak in a heartrending little voice, where I would raise the pitch of my voice till it Is almost squeaky, and maybe use a womanly characteristic such as playing with my hair or holding out my hand as if I was carrying a basket. When Quince refuses to give Bottom both parts, Bottom doesnt show either disappointment and tells him to just proceed. I continue to die hard the discussion and when Quince gives the lion part to Snug, I almost pounce like a lion and curl my fingers up like claws and dim in a deep husky tone.I go towards Quince and aggravate my voice and shout I volition roar, that I pass on do anymans heart good to hear me.. and when I quote what the duke will say, I put on an articulate, upper class English accent when I say Let him roar again, let him roar again. When Quince and the stick of the actors claim that I would scare the duchess and the ladies and they would end up hanging them all, I am not offended at all, and continue to suggest other ways of roaring such as gently as any sucking dove and whilst construction this I would say it in a feminine voice with a sweet and innocent expression on my face.When Quince responds, his voice becomes much more stern, and agitated when he says you can play no part but Pyramus I will the sulk and sit down on a chair, with my head down and my bottom mouth drooping, like a child would do If they were upset. This may make the audience feel a bit sorry for Bottom or they efficiency feel relieved that Quince has finally gained more courage and has power over him. When Quince sees this, he puts on a sympathetic tone and says Pyramus is a sweet-faced man lifting my chin up and gently stroking my face.I quickly recover myself by running energetically towards the wooden box filled with wigs and beards and open it rummaging through all the varieties of beards holding up the ones that might suit his character and throwing the ones that were not good behind him. I think Bottom quite likes the fact that Quince is almost pleading to him and saying how much he needs him to play the part and when Bottom says Well, I will undertake it he will say it proudly, expecting all the other actors to be relieved.In the end of the scene, when Quince suggests learning their lines the following dark and rehearsing in the woods, he emphasises to the actors that they should not fail him. I as Bottom, will stand next to Quince, nodding my head up and down, and looking down at the other actors as I am in charge too and I will announce we may rehearse most obscenely and courageously throwing my fist in the air with excitement and I will also make sure I have the last word when I say hold or cut bow-strings, which I will say firmly and sharply with authority.Overall I will try to irritate the actors and the audience, and make them feel sympathetic towards Quince. I also want the audience to realise that although I am very confident and make out that Im very tal ented, I am not very good and dont really have the ability to act other parts, this makes it comical.I will intimidate the other actors on stage to emphasise my authority and I will make sure that I have Quinces attention passim the whole scene, so if Quince turns his back on me or pushes me out of the way, I will get in front of his view and I will push him out of the way too. This way the audience can see our relationship clearer. There are lots of different levels of emotion when Bottom is acting and there is a lot of competition between Quince and him. Bottom is a very comical and melodramatic character to play.

Perceived Aspects Required in an Ideal System of Education

An ideal governing body of tuition requires distinct characteristics. Our education system today is not quite stainless. All education insane asylums dowry a common goal. The goal is for only the assimilators to gain knowledge that they didnt do before in order to compete in the real world. Morowitz wrote that numerous mess believe education is a method of transferring knowledge from scale to pupil. The majority of people believe this is obtaining education. There is more to the impression that bookmans argon depositories and the instructors argon the depositor. ( Paule Friere ) The success of the schoolchilds ar studyly connected to the milieu he is surrounded. A perfect education system has to start with a prospering environment. The instructor also has to be knowledgeable and not believe in the myth that instructors justifies their own existence through their organizees ignorance absolute. (Paule Friere) A perfect institution of education should be able to a ccommodate cultural change, diversity, arrive a strict syllabus with alternative t all(prenominal)ing strategies, and promotes interaction among their peers.In 1998, a television program c each(prenominal)ed 60 Minutes, aired a special investigation of the United States educational system when compared to the educational system of mainland mainland China and Germany. The results of this investigation surprised many citizens of the U. S. , including myself. According to 60 minutes, the United States system of education is failing tremendously when compared to early(a) to Germany and China. They found a direct connection between the failure of U. S. students and the teaching methods the U. S. imposes on them. Also, the success of the students of China and Germany pieced a similar philosophy.China and Germany greatly promotes interaction between the students at a in truth young age. In the States, the students are more interested in individual success. Ameri dissolve students re cord to become a distinct individual. These studentss believe that this laissez faire is what defines them. Everyone is constantly competing against one another, trying to create an identity for themselves. A subaltern in high school may come back that working at Mcdonalds makes him a MAN while in China and Germany, their students are probably training for a better job in the future. really few American students are cosmos introduced to group work and the fancy of interaction among their classmates. They dont realize the strong bonding that occurs when people share and discuss ideas because the United States doesnt realize it either. Inversely, in Germany and China, the concept of group work is greatly stressed. They believe it leads to a much great benefit. As 60 minutes investigated, they found out that students in Germany and China have higher test scores than American students, there are less crimes, and the percentage of unemployment is extremely small.These students lear n at a very young age to get along with one another, to share ideas, and to take root their conflicts in a non-violent fashion. The broader view of Germany and China is that interaction among students at an proterozoic age, promotes a more civil society in the picture. While America is more interested in individuality, China and Germany are investing in the future with the concept of group work. China and Germanys arithmetic mean on the future with the promotion of teamwork is why their educational system is so successful when compared to Americas educational system.In a perfect educational system, interaction among students get out greatly be encouraged. Teachers are a very important element in successfully transferring knowledge from the instructor to the pupil. In this institution, teachers are not allowed to believe that they are superior to the students. When this occurs, and the disagreement sets in, the student forget be hesitant to ask questions about subjects they do nt understand. When a student does this, he is unintentionally hurting himself.He give not have gain and understand the true(p) meaning of what is being taught by the teacher because he is more focused on the educational fling between the student and teacher. The student learns to able to question everything that is being taught. By using the Socratic method, students impart understand topics rather than believe what other people are saying. There take to be a respectful relationship between the student and teacher. The student respects the teacher and the teacher respects the student equally. This relationship between student and teacher is very important journey of obtaining knowledge.There should be no other kinds of relationship. The only acceptable form is through the connection that they both share as being teacher and being student. Next, the teacher need to prudent for the materials they are covering. They need to be fluent or else the student will have doubts about t he material and ultimately the teacher. The more secure the teacher is with his material the more the student will trust the material and the teacher. If a teacher is not confident and prepared, there will be doubts that will be raised in the minds of the student.More importantly, the teacher will need to care about the student and guide them towards their goal. In A Cub-Pilots Experience, by Mark brace, Mr. Bixby, the instructor is determined to teach Twain how to fly a steamboat through the river. Bixby does not use force but rather lets Twain gradually realize that he is learning. All Bixby does is guide Twain but he lets Twain makes his own mistakes and learn from it. Like Bixby, all teachers need to know when to step aside so that the student can make progress and help the student up when he fails.The virtually beneficial qualities of an excellent teacher are the ability to care for the student and the rise teachers provide for the students. Teachers are just an extension of parents caring and encouragement are two characteristics of parents. The next important element in a perfect educational institution, is the curriculum. There need to be a conciliative curriculum that accommodates all the contrary intellectual abilities of all the students. Not all the students will have the same learning capabilities. Some students may have a learning disability and others may be genuinely intelligent.The curriculum is strict but still is flexible enough to accommodate each individual student. The veridical courses need to be comprehensive. The subjects being studied needs to be updated constantly by the teachers. A perfect institution will have all area of studies accessible to the students. Any particular major or subject will be left to the students to break up. When they do decide what they want to study, there will be the necessary courses to cover that major. In order for a student to pass a course, he needs to be able to teach the information he lear ned in that course.This teaching method is very important. If a student is able to teach something thus that student truly understands it. This method of testing the knowledge of the student should be the final examination for every course. This method is more legal than the constant question and answer method being used today, which promotes temporarily memorization. The next ingredient in a perfect institution is the actual environment itself. Many people are influenced by their surrounding. An intellectual familiarity needs to look like an intellectual community.It will be placed in an area, which is safe. The students need to feel comfortable. A comfortable learning environment leads to the success of the students. There should be no distractions that will keep the student from learning. In addition, the institution needs to be culturally diverse. All different nationalities will be accepted. There will no forms of discrimination. An Asian someone is equal in every respect to Caucasian. On the basis of acceptation to this institution, a students character and ambition are the well-nigh important qualities.Grades will not be extremely important as it is now. With all of these characteristics, the students should be able to concentrate on obtaining their education. Though the task of creating and maintaining a perfect institution is a herculean task, it can be created. People need to come together with this grammatical construction and guideline in mind. The educated ones need to continue to educate others. In Platos Allegory of the Cave, Plato wrote that people who see the light and understand the true meaning of something, do not want to associate themselves with the uneducated ones.This will not happen in a perfect institution. Plato also wrote, A well governed city becomes a possibility only if you can lift up a better way of life for your future rulers than holding office. (page 83) This realisation is extremely important to future students. Educated people need to think of the future and society as a whole. They need to help educate others, just as others, educated them. If all of these characteristics are met in an institution, then that institution can be labeled, perfect.

“A” Is for “Absent” Essay

In a lately published article called A Is for lacking by Chris Piper a proofreader for The University of Texas at Arlington who wrote about how enrolling in a course which he dreaded to do nevertheless decided to take the course at least to complete now alternatively later. Piper initially received tall rambles on almost all projects. Being absent ultimately caused him to move ten points and he ended with a final grade of a C due to his absences. Piper admittedly feels same he make the grade that was granted to him at the time. He also admits the political platform clearly states what would occur if he missed more than the allotted freebies. He feels as though if hes receiving great grades on test, quizzes etc he shouldnt be penalized for his absences. Piper feels like as long as hes paying for his education he should be qualified to do what he likes as long as he maintains mettlesome scores.Being absent ultimately causes you to miss the most essential move of class. Yo u miss class participation, peers, directions and test or quizzes that may be given on all given day of that class. Being absent is a way of saying that this class isnt that important to me. As a peer in your class if I work sullen secure like you scarcely you receive the same grade as I do but are never there, that doesnt send a great message to me nor to the rest of our peers. Being a disciple requires you to front class on a regular basis.When you feel like youve pull in that grade that youve received you either feel as a student you worked hard or you havent. Paying for an education is a cream that you make coming to class is another. However, rules are rules and need to be followed. A paid education to me means you need to work double hard to maintain what great grades you achieve. Nothing in life is free, you get what you deserve.As long as Im paying for their services its my choice to do what ever I like to do. Chris feels that profs who implement attention policies often argue, if this were a argument, and you failed to show up, you would be fired. However, theres a difference between going to work and going to class. A job pays for your services and going to school I pay for there services. As long as Im getting high attach when I do visit I shouldnt be penalized and this is my choice.In conclusion, being absent, earning the grade and self paying for my education all seems dependable but not to Chris Piper who feels like absences shouldnt affect his grades particularly if youre paying for your education. He should be able to do what he likes as long as he maintains high scores.A Is for negligent EssayA is for AbsentSome college professors follow the not required, but explicit attending policy. Some professors make it truly clear that students attend all classes, but it is not enforced through grade reduction. Broward College in Hollywood Florida suggests that each professor create an attention policy with the syllabus, but does not i nsist on whatever penalties. The virtues of this includes treating students as consumers of education rather than kindergarten children by letting the student know that the professor holds classroom attendance in the students best interest, and will provide quality instruction to the students who attend. riotous absenteeism can affect the outcome of the career path that the student has chosen. wherefore be mediocre when you have the ability to excel in any given class. Colleges need to find a way to treat students like adults while also ensuring enough of them show up for class to succeed. Your written matter is like a prison record, it will follow you where ever you go. A is for AbsentThe University of Marylands attendance policy states, students are excuse from attending classes in cases of emergency or religious holidays. The University of Maryland does not insist upon attendance nor do they asses penalties, moreover, Maryland does not require that any professor create his or her own attendance policy for the students enrolled in each professors class.Northern Illinois Universitys policy on attendance is,if a student misses more than four classes in a course that meets three times per week, the professor must lower that students grade by at least letter. This type of policy gives advantages by not only ensuring classroom attendance, but by making it very clear to the students what will happen if they miss class excessively. A several(predicate) version of this policy is found at South Seattle Community College, which recommends that the professor not decrease the students grade if they miss less than 20% of the semester. on that point is a clear and obvious link between class attendance and performance. Student who come to class regularly and are well alert tend to do much better than the students who do not. The purpose of attendance policies is to ensure that students attend classes regularly, and to ensure that the student is successful upon gradua ting.A is for Absenthttp//www.ehow.com/list_646440_attendance-policies-marylandu-college-students.html http//www.south-seattle-cc-attendance-policy-college-students.html http//www.broward-community-attendance-policy_students.html http//images.search.yahoo.com/r/_ylt=A0PDoKyrujhSjHAAkKejzbkF_ylu=X3oDMTBtdXBkbHJyB